Fair Use exceptions to U.S. copyright laws are responsible for more than $4.5 trillion in annual revenue for the United States, according to the findings of an unprecedented economic study. According to <A HREF="http://www.ccianet.org/artmanager/uploads/1/FairUseStudy-Sep12.pdf">the study commissioned by the Computer and Communications Industry Association</A> and conducted in accordance with a World Intellectual Property Organization methodology, companies benefiting from limitations on copyright-holders' exclusive rights, such as "fair use"--generate substantial revenue, employ millions of workers, and, in 2006, <A HREF="http://www.ccianet.org/artmanager/publish/news/First-Ever_Economic_Study_Calculates_Dollar_Value_of.shtml">represented one-sixth of total U.S. GDP.</A>